CHAPTER OUTLINE

The first year: 1776 in New York and New Jersey Washington’s escape on Long Island Christmas attack on Trenton American society in wartime Divisions among the people Loyalists or Tories Small minority Support in seaports and backcountry Patriots or Whigs Militia Continental army Financing and supplying army Problems and revenue Arsenal at Springfield Small army The war Campaigns of 1777 British plans Howe’s capture of Philadelphia Washington at Valley Forge Burgoyne defeated by Gates at Saratoga Foreign involvement in war French enter war French-American agreement Spain allies with France British attack Dutch In the East in 1778 Clinton replaces Howe Von Steuben assists Washington Spring renewal for Washington Stalemate between Washington and Clinton War in the West Victories of George Rogers Clark in Illinois in 1778 Sullivan and Clinton destroy Iroquois in 1779 Destruction of Cherokees Later effects of battle with Indians Southern campaign British motives and results Capture of Savannah and Charleston Cornwallis’s victory at Camden Turning point at King’s Mountain Morgan’s victory at Cowpens Battle of Guilford Courthouse Yorktown, October 1781 Nature of campaign Defeat of Cornwallis Peace negotiations Negotiators Nature of the problems with France and with Spain American initiatives with Britain Terms of the Peace of Paris, September 3, 1783 The Revolution at home Revolutionary concepts developed in America Lack of a feudal tradition Republican governmental ideas Changes in state governments Concept of a written constitution Concept of a constitutional convention Other principles in new state governments Articles of Confederation Difficulties in obtaining ratification Powers of central government under the Articles Impact on equality in the colonies On lower socioeconomic groups Ending habits of deference to upper classes Broader voting and officeholding qualifications Limited land confiscation and land grants On slavery States’ control of slave trade Role of blacks in the war Efforts of states toward emancipation On women Involvement in prewar boycotts and in providing wartime supplies Limited gains in law for women On religion Removal of tax support for religion in various states Development of some national church organizations Sense of nationalism inspired by the Revolution Variety of heroes and legends from the war First generation of native artists and writers John Trumbull (the artist) Charles Willson Peale John Trumbull (the writer) and Joel Barlow Celebration of Independence Day Impact of nationalism on education Development of state universities Development of general systems of education Work of Noah Webster General impact of nationalism