CHAPTER OUTLINE

Possible origins of the first Americans Siberian Southwestern Europe Indian culture before Columbus Earliest cultures Hunters and gatherers Villagers Farmers Mayan, Aztec, and Incan cultures Major Indian cultures in the area of the United States after about 1,000 B.C. Adena-Hopewell peoples of the Ohio Valley (800 B.C.–A.D. 600) Mississippian cultures of the Mississippi River Valley (A.D. 600–1500) Pueblo-Hohokam-Anasazi cultures of the Southwest Lack of technology and other factors that aided the European conquest of the Indians European discovery of the New World Visions of the New World Early Norse contacts Changes in modern Europe Revival of learning Progress in navigation Growth of trade and towns New nation-states Voyages of Columbus Biological exchange Animals Plants Devices Diseases Early exploration by England and Portugal John Cabot Vasco da Gama Ferdinand Magellan Spanish conquest of the New World Spanish advantages Cortés and other conquistadores Cortés’s conquest of Mexico System of encomienda Roles of church and crown Spanish exploration and early settlement in North America Geographic area of control Interactions with Indian culture Purposes of settlements obtain wealth convert Indians provide defense Spanish patterns in the southwestern United States Use of religion in colonial control Role of the Franciscans Control by Juan de Oñate New Mexico as a royal province Rebellion of Popé Impact of the Protestant Reformation on Europe Martin Luther’s initial leadership John Calvin’s role Impact of the Reformation in England Henry VIII Church of England French, Dutch, and English rivalry with the Spanish in North America Verrazzano and Cartier Rebellion of the Netherlands and work of the Dutch “Sea Beggars” English efforts Elizabethan “Sea Dogges” Defeat of the Spanish Armada, 1588 Early attempts at English colonization Raleigh’s “Lost Colony”