Chapter 2
Chapter 2: The Way the Earth Works: Plate Tectonics
Animation
Geologists define three types of plate boundary, based simply on the relative motions of the plates on either side of the boundary. These basic types—divergent, convergent, and transform plate boundaries—are shown in the following three-part animation. For more information, see “Identifying Plate Boundaries” starting on p. 49 and Figure 2.16 in your textbook.
Oceanic crust forms around and above a steady-state magma chamber. As the animation progresses, gabbro forms on the sides, dikes form above, and pillows form at the Earth's surface. Note that although the ridge maintains a consistent size and shape, the sea floor grows wider. For more information, see “How Does Oceanic Crust Form at a Mid-Ocean Ridge” starting on p. 50 and Figure 2.17 in your textbook.
At convergent plate boundaries or convergent margins, two plates, at least one of which is oceanic, move toward each other. But rather than butting each other like angry rams, one oceanic plate bends and begins to sink down into the asthenosphere beneath the other plate. This sinking process, termed subduction, is shown in the following animation. For more information, see 2.9 Convergent Plate Boundaries and Subduction starting on p. 52 and Figure 2.21 in your textbook.
This animation shows the development of a transform fault along a divergent plate boundary. Plates slide past one another along a transform fault without the formation of new plate or the consumption of old plate. As this process occurs, new sea floor forms along the mid-ocean ridge. For more information, see For more information, see 2.10 Transform Plate Boundaries starting on p. 54 and Figure 2.22 in your textbook.
This animation shows how hot-spot volcanoes arise. A mantle plume beneath an oceanic plate creates a hot spot at the base of the lithosphere, and a volcano forms. Because the hot spot remains fixed as the plate moves over it, this volcano eventually becomes extinct and a new one forms. In time, a chain of extinct volcanoes develops, with a live volcano over the hot spot as the last link in the chain. For more information, see For more information, see “Hot Spots” starting on p. 56 and Figure 2.25 in your textbook.
Rifting is the process by which a continent splits and separates to form a new divergent boundary. This animation shows the progressive formation and evolution of a continental rift, and the formation of a mid-ocean ridge. For more information, see 2.12 How Do Plate Boundaries Form and Die? starting on p. 59 and Figure 2.26 in your textbook.
The outer portion of the Earth is a relatively rigid layer called the lithosphere. The mantle below the lithosphere is relatively plastic (it can flow) and is called the asthenosphere. According to the theory of plate tectonics, the lithosphere is broken into about twenty plates that move relative to each other. For more information, see Geology at a Glance: The Theory of Plate Tectonics starting on p.62 in your textbook.
A photo from space shows the Sinai Peninsula, separated from Egypt to the west and the Arabian Peninsula to the east by rifts, narrow belts where the crust has stretched and broken apart. A geologist’s sketch highlights the plate boundaries. For more information, see 2.13 What Drives Plate Motion? starting on p. 59 and Figure 2.26 in your textbook.