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1 The Earth in Context
2 The Way the Earth Works: Plate Tectonics
3 Patterns in Nature: Minerals
4 Up From the Inferno: Magma and Igneous Rocks
5 A Surface Veneer: Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks
6 Change in the Solid State: Metamorphic Rocks
7 The Wrath of Vulcan: Volcanic Eruptions
8 A Violent Pulse: Earthquakes
9 Crags, Cracks, and Crumples: Crustal Deformation and Mountain Building
10 Deep Time: How Old is Old?
11 A Biography of Earth
12 Riches in Rock: Energy and Mineral Resources
13 Unsafe Ground: Landslides and Other Mass Movements
14 Streams and Floods: The Geology of Running Water
15 Restless Realm: Oceans and Coasts
16 A Hidden Reserve: Groundwater
17 Dry Regions: The Geology of Deserts
18 Amazing Ice: Glaciers and Ice Ages
19 Global Change in the Earth System


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kame
A stratified sequence of lateral-moraine sediment that's sorted by water flowing along the edge of a glacier.

karst landscape
A region underlain by caves in limestone bedrock; the collapse of the caves creates a landscape of sinkholes separated by higher topography, or of limestone spires separated by low areas.

kerogen
The waxy molecules into which the organic material in shale transforms on reaching 100°C.

kettle hole
A circular depression in the ground made when a block of ice calves off the toe of a glacier, becomes buried by till, and later melts.

knob-and-kettle topography
A land surface with many kettle holes separated by round hills of glacial till.

K-T boundary event
The mass extinction that happened at the end of the Cretaceous period, 65 million years ago, possibly because of the collision of a bolide with the Earth.


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