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Chapter 11: Crags, Cracks, and Crumples: Crustal Deformations and Mountain Building
Animations
Click on the links below to view animations created specifically for Earth: Portrait of a Planet. Animations require Macromedia's Flash Plug-in.
ANIMATION: Development of Strain
This animation illustrates the development of two types of strain: simple shear and pure shear. For more information, see Section 11.3 Rock Deformation in the Earth's Crust starting on p. 364 and Figure 11.7 in your textbook.
WHAT A GEOLOGIST SEES: Offset Stream Channel Along San Andreas Fault
An oblique air photo shows the San Andreas Fault displacing a creek flowing from the Tremblor Range (background) into the Carizzo Plain, California. The sketch shows what a geologist sees looking down on the San Andreas Fault. For more information, see "Introducing Faults" starting on p. 370 and Figure 11.13 on p. 372 in your textbook.
WHAT A GEOLOGIST SEES: Fault Offsetting
A road cut in the Rocky Mountains of Colorado shows a fault offsetting strata in cross section. Note that the fault is actually a band of broken rock about 50 cm wide. The sketch shows what a geologist sees looking at the Rocky Mountain road cut. For more information, see "Introducing Faults" starting on p. 370 and Figure 11.13 in your textbook.
WHAT A GEOLOGIST SEES: Thrust Fault
The photo shows a thrust fault, on which a distinct layer has been offset. A geologist's sketch emphasizes the offset. For more information, see "Introducing Faults" starting on p. 370 and Figure 11.16 in your textbook.
WHAT A GEOLOGIST SEES: Horsts and Grabens
The photo shows horsts and grabens cutting through marble exposed in a quarry wall in Brazil. A geologist's sketch of the quarry wall indicates the positions of the faults. For more information, see "Introducing Faults" starting on p. 370 and Figure 11.19 in your textbook.
WHAT A GEOLOGIST SEES: Fold Trains in Ireland
What a geologist sees looking at a train of folds exposed in sea cliffs in eastern Ireland. Note that the axial planes of these folds are not vertical. For more information, see Section 11.5 What Structures Form Due to Ductile Deformation? starting on p. 375 and Figure 11.21 in your textbook.
ANIMATION: Process of Folding
Layers of rock can wrinkle or contort into a series of wave-like curves that geologists call folds. Not all folds look the same—some look like an arch, some like a tough, and some have other shapes. This animation examines how two types of folds are formed. View 1 illustrates the formation of a flexural-slip fold, and View 2 shows the formation of a passive-flow fold. For more information, see Section 11.5 What Structures Form Due to Ductile Deformation? starting on p. 375 and Figure 11.24 in your textbook.
WHAT A GEOLOGIST SEES: Flexural Fold
What a geologist sees looking at a small fold formed by flexural slip. Note that the sedimentary beds maintain the same thickness around the fold. For more information, see Section 11.5 What Structures Form Due to Ductile Deformation? starting on p. 375 and Figure 11.24 in your textbook.
WHAT A GEOLOGIST SEES: Flow Fold
What a geologist sees when looking at a small flow of folds exposed in northern Scotland. Note how rock flowed into the hinge zone of the fold. For more information, see Section 11.5 What Structures Form Due to Ductile Deformation? starting on p. 375 and Figure 11.24 in your textbook.
WHAT A GEOLOGIST SEES: Cleavage in an Anticline
A stream cut shows axialplanar cleavage; a geologist's sketch of the stream cut. For more information, see Section 11.5 What Structures Form Due to Ductile Deformation? starting on p. 375 and Figure 11.26 in your textbook.
WHAT A GEOLOGIST SEES: Shear Movement
The photo shows schistosity oriented at a low angle to the direction of shear. Note how large grains are all parallel to each other. A geologist's sketch of the outcrop shows shear movement. For more information, see Section 11.5 What Structures Form Due to Ductile Deformation? starting on p. 375 and Figure 11.26 in your textbook.
ANIMATION: Development of a Collisional Mountain Belt
When two continents collide, the resulting compression shortens and thickens the continental crust so that a large mountain range develops. This animation is a continuation of the 1e "Process of Subduction" animation. For more information, see Section 11.8 Causes of Mountain Building starting on p. 386 and Figure 11.35 in your textbook.
Zoomable Art: The Collision of India with Asia
The Himalaya Mountains and other important highlands of southern Asia are a consequence of the collision of India, a small but very old and strong block of continental lithosphere, with Asia about 55 million years ago. For more information, see the Featured Painting on pp.392-393 in your textbook.