4The Kuleshov Effect — Russian filmmaker and theorist Lev Kuleshov famously demonstrated the power of film editing and the viewer's role in making sense of filmic space and cinematic time. When Kuleshov intercut an image of Russian actor Ivan Mozhukin with shots of a dead woman, a smiling child, and a dish of soup, his point was that a spectator would imbue an identical shot with different meanings and feelings if it appeared within different contexts.

4Editing Techniques — "An ideal cut (for me) is the one that satisfies all the following six criteria at once: 1) it is true to the emotion of the moment; 2) it advances the story; 3) it occurs at a moment that is rhythmically interesting and 'right'; 4) it acknowledges what you might call 'eye-trace'—the concern with the location and movement of the audience's focus of interest within the frame; 5) it respects 'planarity'—the grammar of three dimensions transposed by photography to two (the questions of stage-line, etc.); 6) and it respects the three-dimensional continuity of the actual space." —Walter Murch

4Editing Technology* — Consisting of single shots, the earliest films required no editing. When filmmakers began using multiple shots to develop longer and more complicated stories, film editors became essential collaborators in the creative process.

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