" // questions and Answers number_answers = new Array(5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5) q1 = "The earliest written documents contain all of the following types of information, except:"; q1answer = "c"; q1a = "commercial"; q1b = "legal"; q1c = "mythological"; q1d = "political"; q1e = "administrative"; q1review = "See page 3."; q2 = "Which of the following cities was not a center of government, religion, and culture in the third millennium B.C.?"; q2answer = "b"; q2a = "Memphis"; q2b = "Baghdad"; q2c = "Babylon"; q2d = "Thebes"; q2e = "Ninevah"; q2review = "See page 3."; q3 = "Which two rivers flow through an area known as the "Fertile Crescent," a region in modern Iraq where writing was first developed?"; q3answer = "e"; q3a = "Tigris and Halys"; q3b = "Uzun and Nile"; q3c = "Jordan and Nile"; q3d = "Uzun and Karun"; q3e = "Euphrates and Tigris"; q3review = "See page 3."; q4 = "Early forms of writing include all of the following, except which?"; q4answer = "a"; q4a = "symbolic"; q4b = "pictographic"; q4c = "hieroglyphic"; q4d = "consonantal"; q4e = "cuneiform"; q4review = "See page 3–5."; q5 = "Which ancient culture left no literary texts?"; q5answer = "a"; q5a = "Phoenicians"; q5b = "Sumerians"; q5c = "Hebrews"; q5d = "Babylonians"; q5e = "Assyrians"; q5review = "See page 5."; q6 = "From which of the following peoples did the Hebrews not struggle for freedom, either in Palestine or while in exile from it?"; q6answer = "b"; q6a = "Babylonians"; q6b = "Sumerians"; q6c = "Egyptians"; q6d = "Greeks"; q6e = "Romans"; q6review = "See page 5."; q7 = "Who was the Persian conqueror who in 539 b.c. released the Hebrews from a period of exile and bondage in Babylon?"; q7answer = "a"; q7a = "Cyrus"; q7b = "Moses"; q7c = "Titus"; q7d = "Alexander"; q7e = "Muhammad"; q7review = "See page 5."; q8 = "In what written form does most of what we know about the ancient Hebrews come to us?"; q8answer = "e"; q8a = "epic poetry"; q8b = "morality tales"; q8c = "lyric poetry"; q8d = "secular drama"; q8e = "religious literature"; q8review = "See page 5."; q9 = "The Greek alphabet is adapted from the consonantal writing developed by which ancient people?"; q9answer = "d"; q9a = "Assyrians"; q9b = "Babylonians"; q9c = "Hebrews"; q9d = "Phoenicians"; q9e = "Sumerians"; q9review = "See page 6."; q10 = "Which two ancient peoples wrote in consonantal scripts?"; q10answer = "c"; q10a = "Phoenicians and Sumerians"; q10b = "Assyrians and Sumerians"; q10c = "Phoenicians and Hebrews"; q10d = "Assyrians and Babylonians"; q10e = "Hebrews and Egyptians"; q10review = "See pages 4–5."; q11 = "What is the first great heroic narrative of world literature?"; q11answer = "d"; q11a = "Ramayana"; q11b = "Odyssey"; q11c = "Iliad"; q11d = "Gilgamesh"; q11e = "Bhagavad-Gita"; q11review = "See page 10."; q12 = "Which of the following statements about Gilgamesh is true?"; q12answer = "d"; q12a = "He is a protector of animals."; q12b = "He can make himself invisible to escape enemy detection."; q12c = "He disseminated the secret to eternal life."; q12d = "He engraved his entire story on a stone."; q12e = "He taught humans how to write."; q12review = "See page 13."; q13 = "Who is the Babylonian priest-exorcist identified by Mesopotamian tradition as the author who assembled oral versions of Gilgamesh into a connected narrative?"; q13answer = "d"; q13a = "Assurbanipal"; q13b = "Cambyses"; q13c = "Utnapishtim"; q13d = "Sîn-leqi-unninni"; q13e = "Hammurabi"; q13review = "See page 11."; q14 = "Which part of the standard version of Gilgamesh does not clearly connect to the narrative of the other parts and is usually presented as an appendix?"; q14answer = "d"; q14a = ""The Story of the Flood""; q14b = ""The Forest Journey""; q14c = ""The Search for Everlasting Life""; q14d = ""Gilgamesh in the Underworld""; q14e = ""The Death of Gilgamesh""; q14review = "See page 11."; q15 = "Which of the following statements about Enkidu is false?"; q15answer = "e"; q15a = "He appears godlike in strength."; q15b = "He is a blend of human and wild animal."; q15c = "He is first educated about human society by a harlot from the temple of love."; q15d = "He is sent by the gods to confront Gilgamesh."; q15e = "He has the ability to transform into a large eagle."; q15review = "See pages 13–17."; q16 = "What is the name of the terrible giant that Gilgamesh and Enkidu slay?"; q16answer = "b"; q16a = "Hanuman"; q16b = "Humbaba"; q16c = "Utnapishtim"; q16d = "Hammurabi"; q16e = "Ishtar"; q16review = "See page 23."; q17 = "After the death of Enkidu, in search of what does Gilgamesh embark on a solitary journey?"; q17answer = "c"; q17a = "vengeance"; q17b = "consolation"; q17c = "immortality"; q17d = "carnal pleasures"; q17e = "spiritual enlightenment"; q17review = "See page 30."; q18 = "During his encounter with Utnapishtim, what is the first of two tests that Gilgamesh fails?"; q18answer = "e"; q18a = "fasting for ten days and ten nights"; q18b = "losing the plant of eternal rejuvenation to a serpent"; q18c = "stringing an enormous golden bow"; q18d = "taming a wild horse"; q18e = "remaining awake for six days and seven nights"; q18review = "See page 38."; q19 = "Which of the following is not a characteristic of the newly created Enkidu?"; q19answer = "d"; q19a = "He is as strong as a star from heaven."; q19b = "He eats grass in the hills with the gazelle."; q19c = "His body is covered with matted hair."; q19d = "He can hunt lions with his bare hands."; q19e = "He is innocent of mankind."; q19review = "See pages 13–14."; q20 = "What is the length of the storm that floods the earth in Gilgamesh?"; q20answer = "a"; q20a = "six days and six nights"; q20b = "ten days and ten nights"; q20c = "eighteen days and eighteen nights"; q20d = "forty days and forty nights"; q20e = "sixty days and sixty nights"; q20review = "See page 37."; q21 = "Pharaoh Akhenaten of the Eighteenth Dynasty elevated Aten, the sun god, above all the other deities. Why is this act remarkable?"; q21answer = "e"; q21a = "It allowed the army to defeat the Hittite invaders."; q21b = "It permitted royal power to pass through marriage to the Mitannians."; q21c = "It reestablished the seat of religious power in Thebes."; q21d = "It encouraged a renewal of dormant customs, arts, and religion beliefs that continued under the reign of his wife Nefertiti."; q21e = "It broached monotheism and was later dismissed as heretical."; q21review = "See page 41."; q22 = "All of the following are examples of opening lines to Egyptian love songs from the Ramesside period (ca. 1300–1100 b.c.), except:"; q22answer = "c"; q22a = ""I wish I were her Nubian girl.""; q22b = ""Love, how I'd love to slip down to the pond.""; q22c = ""God is the master craftsman.""; q22d = ""Why, just now, must you question your heart?""; q22e = ""I think I'll go home and lie very still.""; q22review = "See pages 49–52."; q23 = "According to Hebrew religious attitudes, what poses the sole resistance to God's will?"; q23answer = "b"; q23a = "nature"; q23b = "humankind"; q23c = "hatan"; q23d = "polytheistic religions"; q23e = "evil"; q23review = "See page 52."; q24 = "What biblical figure interprets the Pharaoh's dreams?"; q24answer = "a"; q24a = "Joseph"; q24b = "Esau"; q24c = "Jacob"; q24d = "Abraham"; q24e = "Moses"; q24review = "See pages 69–72."; q25 = "What is God's motivation in allowing Job to suffer?"; q25answer = "d"; q25a = "To enable him to appreciate the worldly rewards that follow his suffering"; q25b = "To reward the Sabeans and Chaldeans for greater religious devotion"; q25c = "To encourage him to atone for his sins"; q25d = "To demonstrate to Satan that a human being can retain faith in the face of suffering"; q25e = "To punish him for attaining great material wealth at the expense of devotion to his family"; q25review = "See pages 77–79."; q26 = "Which book of the Bible best teaches that there will never be an explanation of human suffering, especially undeserved suffering, that human intelligence can comprehend?"; q26answer = "b"; q26a = "Judges"; q26b = "Job"; q26c = "Genesis"; q26d = "Exodus"; q26e = "Deuteronomy"; q26review = "See page 55."; q27 = "What do the Songs of Songs (or Song of Solomon) most celebrate?"; q27answer = "a"; q27a = "human sexuality and love"; q27b = "the infinite justice of God"; q27c = "the feast of Passover"; q27d = "faith in God's mysterious ways"; q27e = "human triumph after unimaginable suffering"; q27review = "See page 55."; q28 = "Which of the following would not be characteristic of the descriptions of lover's bodies in the Songs of Songs (or Song of Solomon)?"; q28answer = "d"; q28a = ""thy two breasts are like two young roes that are twins""; q28b = ""thy hair is as a flock of goats""; q28c = "'thy neck is like the tower of David builded for an armory""; q28d = "'thy face is round like the moon in a heavenly sky""; q28e = ""thy temples are like a piece of pomegranate within thy locks""; q28review = "See pages 96–100, esp. 98; also see page 55."; q29 = "Why was Jonah cast by the mariners into the sea?"; q29answer = "e"; q29a = "to lighten a ship's load"; q29b = "to satisfy the desire for human sacrifice by their sea god"; q29c = "to punish his heretic belief in monotheism"; q29d = "to feed a great fish that threatened to sink the ship"; q29e = "to please God and bring an end to the tempest"; q29review = "See page 101."; // End of hiding the script. --> <body>This page requires a browser that can display frames.<script type="text/javascript"> var gaJsHost = (("https:" == document.location.protocol) ? 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