" // questions and Answers number_answers = new Array(5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5) q1 = "The new wealth generated by commerce brought vast changes to the rigid class system upon which social order was based. Who was perhaps most directly threatened?"; q1answer = "c"; q1a = "the peasantry"; q1b = "the clerisy"; q1c = "the monarchy"; q1d = "the clergy"; q1e = "the petit bourgeoisie"; q1review = "See page 295."; q2 = "Though authors such as Molière, Swift, Pope, and Voltaire called attention to the deceptions of eighteenth-century codes of behavior, what might best account for why they did not go so far as to consider whether the codes themselves might be at fault?"; q2answer = "d"; q2a = "Official decrees prohibited criticism of national values in times of war."; q2b = "The philosophical writings of David Hume were not widely circulated."; q2c = "Deism was popular, particularly among literati."; q2d = "The cultural elite assumed that its values were right."; q2e = "All of the above."; q2review = "See page 297."; q3 = "What were the two "measures of reality" that were assumed in the eighteenth century?"; q3answer = "a"; q3a = "society and nature"; q3b = "heaven and hell"; q3c = "town and country"; q3d = "pit and pendulum"; q3e = "dignity and wealth"; q3review = "See page 298."; q4 = "What was the central debate between the Ancients and the Moderns?"; q4answer = "e"; q4a = "paganism versus agnosticism"; q4b = "the merit of the Greeks versus the merit of the Romans"; q4c = "whether men should continue to powder their wigs"; q4d = "whether prostitutes made better companions than society ladies"; q4e = "the value of permanence versus the value of change"; q4review = "See page 300."; q5 = "The targets of Molière's farces included which of the following?"; q5answer = "e"; q5a = "the aspiring but vulgar middle class"; q5b = "the hypochondriac"; q5c = "the religious hypocrite"; q5d = "the miser"; q5e = "all of the above"; q5review = "See page 304."; q6 = "Which character in Tartuffe calls attention to folly through wisdom, counseling moderation, common sense, and self-control?"; q6answer = "a"; q6a = "Cléante"; q6b = "Tartuffe"; q6c = "Mariane"; q6d = "Orgon"; q6e = "Madame Pernelle"; q6review = "See page 304."; q7 = "Tartuffe disrupts social structure and rationality with his monstrous lust for which of the following?"; q7answer = "e"; q7a = "money"; q7b = "women"; q7c = "power"; q7d = "a and b only"; q7e = "all of the above"; q7review = "See page 305."; q8 = "Which two characters plot to unmask Tartuffe as a villain?"; q8answer = "c"; q8a = "Orgon and Madame Pernelle"; q8b = "Cléante and Madame Pernelle"; q8c = "Elmire and Dorine"; q8d = "Madame Pernelle and Dorine"; q8e = "Cléante and Elmire"; q8review = "See page 305."; q9 = "What religious "movement" exercised a profound influence on Racine?"; q9answer = "e"; q9a = "Hinduism"; q9b = "Jainism"; q9c = "Deism"; q9d = "Judaism"; q9e = "Jansenism"; q9review = "See page 362."; q10 = "Which of the following best characterizes Racine's drama, particularly Phaedra?"; q10answer = "d"; q10a = "satirical comedies"; q10b = "passionate tragedies"; q10c = "conventional formalities"; q10d = "b and c only"; q10e = "a and c only"; q10review = "See page 362."; q11 = "What is Hippolytus's dilemma at the opening of Phaedra?"; q11answer = "a"; q11a = "whether to imitate his father or depart from his father's example"; q11b = "whether to break his attachment to Pheadra"; q11c = "whether to confide in Theramenes"; q11d = "whether to believe reports of Theseus's womanizing and warmongering"; q11e = "all of the above"; q11review = "See pages 365–368."; q12 = "What is Phaedra's greatest torment?"; q12answer = "e"; q12a = "She fears that her husband, Theseus, is dead."; q12b = "She suspects, but cannot prove, that Aphrodite is neglecting her."; q12c = "She feels unjustly scorned by Aricia."; q12d = "She has no moral awareness."; q12e = "She is aware of her sins, but she continues to enact them."; q12review = "See page 363."; q13 = "Who used the pseudonym "Filotea de la Cruz" in correspondence with Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz?"; q13answer = "d"; q13a = "Atenagórica"; q13b = "Duquesa of Abeyro"; q13c = "the Portuguese Jesuit Antonio de Vieira"; q13d = "the bishop of Puebla"; q13e = "Father Antonio Núñez"; q13review = "See page 403."; q14 = "Though she refuse to make any claims for herself, what does Sor Juana convey in her Reply to defend women's intellectual rights?"; q14answer = "d"; q14a = "her mastery of religious and nonreligious materials"; q14b = "her verbal dexterity"; q14c = "her self-seeking ambition"; q14d = "a and b only"; q14e = "a, b, and c"; q14review = "See page 403."; q15 = "By what means did Sor Juana measured her early apprehension of Latin grammar?"; q15answer = "c"; q15a = "making marginal notations on manuscripts"; q15b = "counting the scars on her fingers from pricking them with barbed wire"; q15c = "watching her hair grow"; q15d = "assigning each grammar rule a numeric equivalent"; q15e = "witnessing her ever-changing appreciation for the subtly of the Christian Bible"; q15review = "See page 409."; q16 = "Which of the following statements about Swift is not true?"; q16answer = "b"; q16a = "He was educated at Trinity College and Oxford University."; q16b = "He died in a small house, near the British Library."; q16c = "He was born in Dublin, Ireland."; q16d = "He became a clergyman in the Anglican Church."; q16e = "He began his career in political journalism."; q16review = "See pages 430–431."; q17 = "What literary form does Swift use as his model for Gulliver's Travels?"; q17answer = "e"; q17a = "the Bildungsroman"; q17b = "the jeremiad"; q17c = "the vers de socit"; q17d = "the epistolary novel"; q17e = "the travel book"; q17review = "See page 431."; q18 = "Which of the following "peoples" were not encountered by Gulliver during his travels?"; q18answer = "c"; q18a = "Yahoos"; q18b = "Lilliputians"; q18c = "Stroumphes"; q18d = "Houyhnhnms"; q18e = "Struldbrugs"; q18review = "See page 431."; q19 = "Which of the following statements is not part of Gulliver's description of the first creatures he encounters in the land of the Houyhnhnms?"; q19answer = "a"; q19a = ""They had the genitals of both sexes, like the hermaphrodite of ancient lore.""; q19b = ""They climbed high trees, as nimbly as a squirrel, for they had strong extended claws.""; q19c = ""Their dugs hung between their forefeet, and often reached almost to the ground as they walked.""; q19d = ""They had no tails, nor any hair at all on their buttocks, except about the anus.""; q19e = ""They would often spring, and bound, and leap with prodigious agility.""; q19review = "See pages 438–439."; q20 = "Which of the following was not a consequence of Pope's Catholicism?"; q20answer = "e"; q20a = "He could not hold public employment."; q20b = "He was subject to restrictive legislation."; q20c = "He could not attend university."; q20d = "He had to live ten miles outside London."; q20e = "He was not permitted to recite his poetry."; q20review = "See page 489."; q21 = "In Pope's Rape of the Lock, Belinda's dressing table contains "puffs, powders, patches, Bibles, billet-doux." To what does this enumeration allude?"; q21answer = "d"; q21a = "Her maid, Betty, has been playing with her most prized possessions, illustrating the disintegration of the class system."; q21b = "She is unconcerned with the codes of her society, which demand that love letters be kept from sight."; q21c = "She collects things that begin with the letters of her lover's initials, so that her dressing table becomes a poem of objects."; q21d = "She and her society confuse small things with large, operating mainly on the level of style."; q21e = "When her back is turned, her lapdog, Shock, leaps onto her dressing table, disrupting the tranquility of these objects, which serves as a metaphor for her thwarted ambitions."; q21review = "See page 496."; q22 = "In the first section of An Essay on Man, Pope describes the world as a "Garden, tempting with forbidden fruit." To which poet does he allude?"; q22answer = "c"; q22a = "Spenser"; q22b = "Shakespeare"; q22c = "Milton"; q22d = "Petrarch"; q22e = "Webster"; q22review = "See pages 490, 511."; q23 = "Before writing, what career did Voltaire pursue?"; q23answer = "a"; q23a = "the law"; q23b = "medicine"; q23c = "physics"; q23d = "astronomy"; q23e = "acting"; q23review = "See page 517."; q24 = "Who was Voltaire's most specific target in Candide, his satire of the philosophic optimists?"; q24answer = "b"; q24a = "David Hume"; q24b = "Gottfried Leibniz"; q24c = "René Descartes"; q24d = "Samuel Johnson"; q24e = "François de la Rochefoucauld"; q24review = "See page 518."; q25 = "What is Voltaire's ironic variation on his period's conviction in the universality and continuity of human nature?"; q25answer = "c"; q25a = "After they have been killed off, his characters return in the next chapter."; q25b = "He adds links to historical actualities in his imaginative narrative."; q25c = "It is human vice that continues to manifest itself."; q25d = "a and c only"; q25e = "b and c only"; q25review = "See page 519."; q26 = "What happens to Candide's beloved Cunégonde?"; q26answer = "d"; q26a = "She is driven mad by a flock of parakeets."; q26b = "Her buttock is cut off to make a rump steak for her hungry companions."; q26c = "She elopes with a prince who is later revealed as a monkey."; q26d = "She loses her beauty and becomes a pastry cook."; q26e = "She dies of grief after Candide kills her brother."; q26review = "See pages 577–580."; // End of hiding the script. --> <body>This page requires a browser that can display frames.<script type="text/javascript"> var gaJsHost = (("https:" == document.location.protocol) ? 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