" // questions and Answers number_answers = new Array(5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5) q1 = "Which of the following posed a significant challenge to notions of Europe's and humankind's centrality in the world?"; q1answer = "e"; q1a = "Columbus's so-called discovery of the Americas"; q1b = "new scholarly methods for interpreting ancient texts"; q1c = "Copernicus's scientific theories"; q1d = "Galileo's astronomical observations"; q1e = "all of the above"; q1review = "See page 2465."; q2 = "In which culture do scholars generally agree that the Renaissance began?"; q2answer = "d"; q2a = "Greece"; q2b = "France"; q2c = "England"; q2d = "Italy"; q2e = "Spain"; q2review = "See page 2466."; q3 = "What is the literal meaning of the term Renaissance?"; q3answer = "e"; q3a = "return"; q3b = "repeat"; q3c = "rewind"; q3d = "renounce"; q3e = "rebirth"; q3review = "See page 2466."; q4 = "Who eventually ends up accompanying Petrarch to Malaucène?"; q4answer = "b"; q4a = "his father"; q4b = "his brother"; q4c = "an Augustinian monk"; q4d = "a childhood friend"; q4e = "none of the above: he goes alone"; q4review = "See page 2481."; q5 = "To whom are Petrarch's sonnets addressed?"; q5answer = "b"; q5a = "Apollo"; q5b = "Laura"; q5c = "Beatrice"; q5d = "Pallas"; q5e = "Virgil"; q5review = "See page 2477."; q6 = "In Erasmus's The Praise of Folly, which of the following statements about Folly's early life is untrue?"; q6answer = "e"; q6a = "She was nursed by the nymph of stupidity."; q6b = "She was nursed by the nymph of drunkenness."; q6c = "Her father was drunk at the time she was conceived."; q6d = "She began her life smiling at her mother."; q6e = "She was born in a place that was visually offensive."; q6review = "See page 2517."; q7 = "In Erasmus's The Praise of Folly, which of the following most accurately captures Folly's sentiments in the epilogue?"; q7answer = "e"; q7a = ""I hate a listener who forgets everything the next day.""; q7b = ""I hate a listener who passes your thoughts off as his own.""; q7c = ""I hate a listener who refuses also to be a drinking companion.""; q7d = ""I hate a listener who is unable to appreciate good advice.""; q7e = ""I hate a listener with a memory.""; q7review = "See page 2517."; q8 = "Which of the following best describes Machiavelli's The Prince?"; q8answer = "a"; q8a = "a handbook on how to obtain and keep political power"; q8b = "a children's story about a lonely prince who inhabits a small planet"; q8c = "a military history of the city of Florence"; q8d = "a work that belongs to the upper ranks of Italian comedies of intrigue"; q8e = "a dialogue on the perfect qualities of a courtier"; q8review = "See page 2518."; q9 = "Which of the following is not part of Machiavelli's advice to princes?"; q9answer = "e"; q9a = ""A prince should make himself feared in such a way that, if he does not win love, he escapes hatred.""; q9b = ""A prince ought to care little about being called stingy.""; q9c = ""He should seem compassionate, trustworthy, humane, honest, and religious.""; q9d = ""If a prince wishes to maintain himself, he must learn how not to be good.""; q9e = ""In times of strife, he should place his faith in God and the goodness of man.""; q9review = "See page 2529."; q10 = "Which one of the following Renaissance authors was not inspired by Ariosto's Orlando Furioso?"; q10answer = "c"; q10a = "Cervantes"; q10b = "Rabelais"; q10c = "Petrarch"; q10d = "Shakespeare"; q10e = "Milton"; q10review = "See page 2535."; q11 = "In Orlando Furioso, what does Orlando do when he discovers that Angelica loves another man?"; q11answer = "d"; q11a = "He renews his vows of loyalty to Charlemagne."; q11b = "He tells her an elaborate story in an attempt to win back her love."; q11c = "He disguises himself as a woman to gain entrance to her palace."; q11d = "He attempts either to rape, kill, or eat her."; q11e = "He renounces her and turns his affections to Bradamante."; q11review = "See pages 2547–2549."; q12 = "Castiglione describes the perfect courtier as well trained in mediocrit. What English word best captures the sense of his meaning?"; q12answer = "a"; q12a = "moderation"; q12b = "mediocrity"; q12c = "grace"; q12d = "affectation"; q12e = "dignity"; q12review = "See page 2551."; q13 = "What literary form does Castiglione employ for The Book of the Courtier?"; q13answer = "d"; q13a = "apostrophe"; q13b = "ballad"; q13c = "chapter book"; q13d = "dialogue"; q13e = "epistle"; q13review = "See pages 2550 and 2552–2564."; q14 = "In which of the following roles did Marguerite de Navarre influence the transformation of French court culture?"; q14answer = "e"; q14a = "as a patron of the arts"; q14b = "as a diplomat and negotiator of political treaties"; q14c = "as a writer"; q14d = "as a harbinger of the Reformation movement"; q14e = "all of the above"; q14review = "See pages 2564–2565."; q15 = "In the Heptameron, what is the one rule that governs the game of storytelling—and distinguishes it from its model in Boccaccio's Decameron?"; q15answer = "b"; q15a = "The storytellers should avoid subjects of sexuality and clerical abuse."; q15b = "The storytellers should not tell any story that is untruthful."; q15c = "The storytellers should unite their separate stories under one voice."; q15d = "The storytellers should avoid any common theme for each day's stories."; q15e = "The storytellers should restrict the truth of their stories to the truth of God."; q15review = "See page 2571."; q16 = "When Pantagruel and his companions first encounter Panurge, they cannot understand him. After addressing them in no fewer than thirteen languages, Panurge is finally understood when he speaks his native tongue. What language is it?"; q16answer = "b"; q16a = "Italian"; q16b = "French"; q16c = "German"; q16d = "Utopian"; q16e = "Lanternese"; q16review = "See page 2592."; q17 = "What is the name of the abbey founded by Gargantua and his friends after they defeat Picrochole's armies?"; q17answer = "e"; q17a = "Saint-Genou"; q17b = "Saint-Mars"; q17c = "Alcofribas Nasier"; q17d = "Sorbonne"; q17e = "Thélème"; q17review = "See pages 2607–2616."; q18 = "What is the central question that Montaigne poses in his Essays?"; q18answer = "c"; q18a = ""Where did we come from, and where are we going?""; q18b = ""If I think, do I really exist?""; q18c = ""Who am I?""; q18d = ""Is God dead?""; q18e = ""Why must we continue to fight among ourselves?""; q18review = "See page 2632."; q19 = "In his essay Of Cannibals, how does Montaigne support his comparison of the alleged cannibalism in Brazil with the Christian behavioral codes?"; q19answer = "d"; q19a = "by noting the relativity of customs"; q19b = "by showing as much interest in victims as he does their torturers"; q19c = "by juxtaposing two kinds of savagery: cannibalism and religious persecution"; q19d = "all of the above"; q19e = "none of the above"; q19review = "See pages 2644–2653."; q20 = "Which type of literary narrative does Cervantes satirize in Don Quixote?"; q20answer = "e"; q20a = "spiritual autobiography"; q20b = "epistolary novel"; q20c = "Homeric epic"; q20d = "Greek tragedy"; q20e = "chivalric romance"; q20review = "See page 2672."; q21 = "Which of the following statements about Don Quixote is the most accurate?"; q21answer = "e"; q21a = "Quixote mistakes Benedictine monks for enchanters."; q21b = "Quixote mistakes windmills for giants."; q21c = "Quixote mistakes goats for an army."; q21d = "a, b, and c"; q21e = "a and b only"; q21review = "See page 2717."; q22 = "What is the primary factor distinguishing Lope de Vega's Laurencia from other female heroes in Spanish drama?"; q22answer = "e"; q22a = "She marries a Portuguese sailor."; q22b = "She commits adultery."; q22c = "She bears children out of wedlock."; q22d = "She does not die at the end."; q22e = "She speaks a complete sonnet."; q22review = "See page 2783."; q23 = "Why does Laurencia object to the men of Fuente Ovejuna killing Fernán Gòmez de Guzmòn?"; q23answer = "d"; q23a = "She realizes he is the only man who tried to protect the women."; q23b = "She prefers that he rot in prison than die a quick, painless death."; q23c = "She worries about what will happen to his wife and children."; q23d = "She doesn't think the men should have the glory, when the women suffered greater indignities."; q23e = "She thinks the men are after him for the wrong reasons."; q23review = "See page 2811."; q24 = "Which of the following statements about Hamlet is not true?"; q24answer = "d"; q24a = "Polonius is stabbed by Hamlet."; q24b = "Ophelia dies by drowning herself."; q24c = "Gertrude dies by consuming a poisoned drink."; q24d = "Horatio is killed in a duel with Laertes."; q24e = "Laertes is killed in a duel with Hamlet."; q24review = "See page 2918."; q25 = "In Othello, what item belonging to Desdemona does Iago ask Emilia to steal?"; q25answer = "c"; q25a = "a ring"; q25b = "a comb"; q25c = "a handkerchief"; q25d = "a scarf"; q25e = "a letter from Othello"; q25review = "See page 2959."; q26 = "Which text is the basis for Milton's Paradise Lost?"; q26answer = "c"; q26a = "the Odyssey"; q26b = "the Aeneid"; q26c = "the Book of Genesis"; q26d = "the Divine Comedy"; q26e = "Oedipus the King"; q26review = "See page 2997."; q27 = "In Book I of Paradise Lost, who is alluded to as the one who will reestablish bliss?"; q27answer = "a"; q27a = "Jesus Christ"; q27b = "Adam"; q27c = "Gabriel"; q27d = "Eve"; q27e = "Aeneas"; q27review = "See page 3001. 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