" // questions and Answers number_answers = new Array(5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5, 5) q1 = "Which of the following was not a significant cultural influence in the development of Europe in the Middle Ages?"; q1answer = "d"; q1a = "Greco-Roman civilization"; q1b = "Christianity from Palestine"; q1c = "Islam from the Arabian peninsula and northern Africa"; q1d = "merchant trade from China"; q1e = "Germanic tribes from the north"; q1review = "See page 1621."; q2 = "Which of the following best characterizes medieval cultures in Europe?"; q2answer = "e"; q2a = "secular and aristocratic"; q2b = "pious and repressive"; q2c = "skeptical and popular"; q2d = "a and c only"; q2e = "a, b, and c"; q2review = "See pages 1621–1622."; q3 = "Which of the following groups did not invade medieval Europe?"; q3answer = "a"; q3a = "the Huns"; q3b = "the Vikings"; q3c = "the Magyars"; q3d = "the Mongols"; q3e = "the Muslims"; q3review = "See page 1622."; q4 = "Values celebrated in medieval literature include all of the following, except:"; q4answer = "b"; q4a = "intense concern for personal honor"; q4b = "unconditional respect for the rights of others"; q4c = "loyalty to one's leader"; q4d = "capacity to experience romantic love"; q4e = "unwavering valor in the face of danger"; q4review = "See page 1623."; q5 = "With what did most members of medieval society, especially non-nobles such as churchmen, urban dwellers, and peasants, equate chivalric ideals?"; q5answer = "d"; q5a = "personal bravery in the face of insurmountable odds"; q5b = "gentility of demeanor and generosity of spirit"; q5c = "religious devotion tempered by secular loyalty"; q5d = "heavy-handed imposition of force upon those least able to resist"; q5e = "vainglorious enterprises to sublimate personal lusts"; q5review = "See page 1623."; q6 = "With which three creatures does Beowulf battle?"; q6answer = "b"; q6a = "Grendel, his father, and a dragon"; q6b = "Grendel, his mother, and a dragon"; q6c = "Grendel the dragon, his brother, and his mother"; q6d = "Grendel, his brother, and a demon"; q6e = "Grendel the dragon, Hygelac, and his mother"; q6review = "See page 1626."; q7 = "To which group does the character Beowulf belong?"; q7answer = "a"; q7a = "the Geats"; q7b = "the Franks"; q7c = "the Heatho-Bards"; q7d = "the Swedes"; q7e = "the Frisians"; q7review = "See page 1626."; q8 = "From which biblical character does Grendel's line supposedly descend?"; q8answer = "b"; q8a = "Adam"; q8b = "Cain"; q8c = "Abel"; q8d = "Abraham"; q8e = " Judas"; q8review = "See page 1626."; q9 = "The great warrior Roland dies less than two-thirds of the way through The Song of Roland. Despite its title, who is the poem's "true" protagonist?"; q9answer = "a"; q9a = "Charles"; q9b = "Oliver"; q9c = "Ganelon"; q9d = "Marsilion"; q9e = "God"; q9review = "See pages 1702–1703."; q10 = "What reasons does Roland give to support his position that Marsilion's offer to end the war be declined?"; q10answer = "e"; q10a = "Marsilion is untrustworthy."; q10b = "The deaths of Basan and Basile must be avenged."; q10c = "Charles must remain true to his commitment to conquer Spain."; q10d = "none of the above"; q10e = "a, b, and c"; q10review = "See page 1711."; q11 = "Though The Song of Roland is based on historical events, what aspect or aspects of the depiction of the Saracens is ill-informed and purposefully inaccurate?"; q11answer = "e"; q11a = "The Saracens are shown as idolatrous."; q11b = "Muhammad is presented with Apollo as a god."; q11c = "Islamic religion and culture are presented in a degrading manner."; q11d = "The Saracens are shown as polytheistic."; q11e = "all of the above"; q11review = "See page 1704."; q12 = "According to Marie de France, why does Lanval present himself at the court of King Arthur?"; q12answer = "a"; q12a = "to seek his fortune"; q12b = "to seek the affections of Guinevere"; q12c = "to obey the orders of his fairy lover"; q12d = "a and c only"; q12e = "a, b, and c"; q12review = "See pages 1769–1775."; q13 = "In Marie de France's Lastic, what serves as a symbol of the unhappy wife's broken heart?"; q13answer = "e"; q13a = "the nightingale"; q13b = "the corpse of a nightingale, which she commands her servants send to her lover"; q13c = "the high wall of dark-hued stone that surrounds her house"; q13d = "the bird-lime in which her lover captures a wild nightingale"; q13e = "the bloodstain of her tunic, left from the impact of the bleeding corpse of a nightingale that her husband pelts at her"; q13review = "See pages 1775–1776."; q14 = "In Thorstein the Staff-Struck, which statement about Thorhall and Thorvald is untrue?"; q14answer = "b"; q14a = "They are brothers."; q14b = "They bring Thorstein's severed head back to Bjarni."; q14c = "They are outwitted by Bjarni."; q14d = "They try in vain to kill Thorstein."; q14e = "They return to Hof on horseback."; q14review = "See page 1780."; q15 = "Which statement best paraphrases the advice Thorstein's father gives him?"; q15answer = "a"; q15a = ""I'd rather see you die than live as a coward.""; q15b = ""I'd rather have you live than die pursuing some foolish dream.""; q15c = ""I'd rather die myself than see you die.""; q15d = ""I'd rather see you die a quick painless death than live a long painful life.""; q15e = ""I'd rather have you die with honor than betray a friend.""; q15review = "See page 1781."; q16 = "What accounts for the survival of so few medieval lyrics composed prior to 1100?"; q16answer = "e"; q16a = "They were performed in public rather than read in private."; q16b = "Manuscripts were probably destroyed by Germanic, Scandinavian, Slavic, and Eurasian invaders."; q16c = "It was less likely for a vernacular text to be preserved in an expensive manuscript than a Latin one."; q16d = "a, b, and c"; q16e = "a and c only"; q16review = "See page 1783."; q17 = "What is the most common theme in medieval lyrics?"; q17answer = "c"; q17a = "jealousy"; q17b = "warmongering"; q17c = "love"; q17d = "carnal appetite"; q17e = "God's compassion"; q17review = "See page 1783."; q18 = "Which of the following does not represent one of Dante's often controversial concerns in the Divine Comedy?"; q18answer = "c"; q18a = "his concern for the restoration of the conditions in which Christ first came in order to make his second coming possible"; q18b = "his outrage over the brutally destructive strife that tore northern Italy apart during his lifetime"; q18c = "his unrequited love for Beatrice"; q18d = "his admiration for classical, Islamic, and Christian ideas"; q18e = "his experience of exile from Florence"; q18review = "See pages 1826–1827."; q19 = "Which of the following best describes the difference between figures that Dante encounters in the three canticles of the Divine Comedy?"; q19answer = "d"; q19a = "In Paradiso they have neither bodies nor images but simply lights."; q19b = "In Purgatorio they have corporeal shape but not corporeal substance."; q19c = "In Inferno they become more corporeal as Dante descends into the lower circles."; q19d = "a, b, and c"; q19e = "a and b only"; q19review = "See pages 1830–1831."; q20 = "In Limbo, or the first circle of hell, Dante and Virgil are welcomed by those who were "worthy" of Christianity but lived before the religion was conceived. Among the following individuals, who was not among them?"; q20answer = "d"; q20a = "Homer"; q20b = "Ovid"; q20c = "Horace"; q20d = "Charon"; q20e = "Lucan"; q20review = "See pages 1845–1849."; q21 = "Which of the following does Dante not encounter in the Inferno?"; q21answer = "b"; q21a = "diviners, astrologers, and magicians with their heads turned backward"; q21b = "thieves and sodomites set in stone with their feet tormented by flames"; q21c = "suicides transformed into trees"; q21d = "flatterers immersed in excrement"; q21e = "blasphemers on fiery sands"; q21review = "See page 1872–1897."; q22 = "In the second circle of the Inferno, Dante encounters Paolo Malatesta and Francesca da Rimini. In their own estimation, why have they been condemned to hell?"; q22answer = "b"; q22a = "Talking to birds, including crows and falcons, made others think them heretics."; q22b = "Reading about Lancelot and Guinevere excited them to kiss."; q22c = "not having been baptized"; q22d = "murdering Gianciotto Malatesta, her husband, and his brother"; q22e = "committing unprovoked acts of carnage due to demonic possession"; q22review = "See pages 1849–1852."; q23 = "Which of the following groups is not condemned to the eighth circle of hell in Dante's Inferno?"; q23answer = "e"; q23a = "thieves"; q23b = "false counselors"; q23c = "flatterers"; q23d = "simonists"; q23e = "heretics"; q23review = "See page 1828."; q24 = "If Dante's Divine Comedy is characterized by absolute faith in a single truth, what best characterizes Boccaccio's Decameron?"; q24answer = "e"; q24a = "a complete negation of Christian doctrine"; q24b = "an equally devout reverence for this truth"; q24c = "a sexual libertinism that seeks to revive the great pleasures of ancient Rome"; q24d = "repentance for the sins of humanity that culminated in the bubonic plague"; q24e = "pragmatism and relativism, characteristic of the merchant class"; q24review = "See page 1964."; q25 = "In the Decameron, how does Nostagio degli Onesti persuade his beloved to marry him?"; q25answer = "a"; q25a = "He terrorizes her with the spectacle of a naked woman's murder."; q25b = "He spends money on lavish gifts until she realizes that her affections can be bought."; q25c = "He leaves Ravenna without throwing a banquet in her honor, causing her to summon him back to the city."; q25d = "He courts her best friend, inciting great passion to rise with equally great jealousy and suspicion."; q25e = "He drugs her with a magical potion."; q25review = "See pages 1976–1980."; q26 = "In the Decameron, what act prompts the marquis of Saluzzo to honor Griselda, his peasant wife, with the title of marchioness?"; q26answer = "b"; q26a = "her dignified grief when he informs her that he has put their children to death"; q26b = "her patience in enduring the humiliations he suffers upon her"; q26c = "her passionate outrage when he presents their daughter as his wife"; q26d = "her responsible guardianship of her jewels and crown"; q26e = "her talent for supervising extravagant amusements"; q26review = "See pages 1984–1991."; q27 = "Why does Gawain suggest to King Arthur that he take on the Green Giant?"; q27answer = "c"; q27a = "He is the youngest."; q27b = "He is the most accomplished fighter."; q27c = "He is the weakest."; q27d = "He is the wittiest."; q27e = "He is the only one without a wife and children."; q27review = "See page 2000."; q28 = "What is the final gift given to Gawain by his host's wife?"; q28answer = "b"; q28a = "a kiss"; q28b = "a girdle"; q28c = "a piece of silk"; q28d = "a glove"; q28e = "a ring"; q28review = "See page 2031."; q29 = "Who tells the first of the Canterbury Tales?"; q29answer = "e"; q29a = "the miller"; q29b = "the wife of Bath"; q29c = "the pardoner"; q29d = "the nun"; q29e = "the knight"; q29review = "See page 2067."; q30 = "In the Wife of Bath's Tale, what task does the queen set the knight?"; q30answer = "e"; q30a = "to find the perfect woman"; q30b = "to understand why beautiful women marry ugly men"; q30c = "to find out why younger women desire older men"; q30d = "to understand why men insist on rejecting good love"; q30e = "to find out what women desire above all things"; q30review = "See page 2100."; q31 = "What happens to the three gamblers in The Pardoner's Tale?"; q31answer = "e"; q31a = "Two plot and kill the youngest."; q31b = "The younger outwits and kills the other two."; q31c = "They all escape with the loot."; q31d = "Two consume wine poisoned by the youngest."; q31e = "Two kill the youngest and then consume the poisoned wine."; q31review = "See page 2117."; q32 = "Which of the following is not a character in Everyman?"; q32answer = "d"; q32a = "Discretion"; q32b = "Knowledge"; q32c = "Kindred"; q32d = "Chastity"; q32e = "Beauty"; q32review = "See page 2121. 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