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CONTEXTS |
1835
Thomas Babington Macaulay,
[Minute on Indian Education, February
2, 1835]
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1842
Nikolai Gogol, Dead Souls and The
Overcoat
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1848
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels,
Manifesto of the Communist Party
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1856
Gustave Flaubert, Madame Bovary
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1857
Charles Baudelaire, The Flowers of
Evil
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1859
Charles Darwin, The Origin of
Species
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1860
Giuseppe Garibaldi, Memorandum
to the heads of Europe
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1861
Serfs emancipated in Russia
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1861–1865
Civil War in the United States
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1864
Fyodor Dostoyevsky, Notes from
Underground
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1866
Fyodor Dostoyevsky, Crime and
Punishment • Émile Zola’s essay The
Experimental Novel argues for a "naturalist" style analogous to methods in
experimental science
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1867
Karl Marx, Capital
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1869
Leo Tolstoy, War and Peace
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1869
Suez Canal completed
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1870
Ernest Renan’s Life of Jesus offers a
historical approach to the New Testament
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1871
George Eliot (Mary Ann Evans),
Middlemarch • Charles Darwin, The
Descent of Man
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1874
Paul Verlaine, Songs without Words
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1874
Claude Monet’s painting Impression:
Rising Sun launches Impressionism as a
style
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1876
Invention of the telephone
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1876
Stéphane Mallarmé, The Afternoon
of a Faun
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1882
Friedrich Nietzsche, The Gay
Science (1882–87)
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1883
Giovanni Verga, Freedom
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1884–1885
Berlin Conference agrees on
procedures for European acquisition of
African territory; by 1914, all Africa,
except Ethiopia and Liberia, succumbs to
European rule
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1886
Arthur Rimbaud, Illuminations • Leo
Tolstoy, The Death of Ivan Ilyich •
Friedrich Nietzsche’s Beyond Good and
Evil proclaims a “life force,” a “will to
power,” and a “superman” who embodies
these qualities
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1887
Eiffel Tower built for the 1889 Paris
World’s Fair • Gottlieb Daimler’s internal
combustion engine for the automobile
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1889 Guy de Maupassant, Hautot and His
Son
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1890
Henrik Ibsen, Hedda Gabler• Poems
of Emily Dickinson (1830–1886)
published posthumously • Chief
Machemba of the Yao refuses to accept
colonial rule in his Letter to Major von
Wissmann
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1893
Émile Zola completes a twenty-volume
series of naturalist novels begun
in 1871, Les Rougon-Macquart
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1894
X rays discovered
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1894–1906
In the Dreyfus Affair, anti-Semitic sentiment polarizes France
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1897
Mona Caird, The Emancipation of
the Family • Mary Kingsley, Travels in
West Africa
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1898
Émile Zola’s Letter to Félix Faure
denounces governmental corruption in
the Dreyfus Case
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1898
Radium discovered by Marie and
Pierre Curie • Spanish-American War
breaks out
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1899
Anton Chekhov, The Lady with the
Dog • Cecil Rhodes, Speech at Drill
Hall, Cape Town, South Africa,
articulates the imperialist view of African
colonialism • Olive Schreiner, An English–
South African’s View of the Situation
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1899–1900
Sol T. Plaatje, Mafeking
Diary, describes the Boer siege of
Mafeking from a black perspective
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1904
Anton Chekhov’s The Cherry
Orchard performed
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