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Chemistry 2nd Edition
ChemTours
Go to Chapter: 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20
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Chapter 1: Matter, Energy, and the Origins of the Universe
1.1 Chemistry and the Classes of Matter
1.2 Matter: An Atomic View
1.3 Mixtures and How to Separate Them
1.4 Properties of Matter
1.5 A Method for Answering Questions and Solving Problems
1.6 States of Matter
1.7 The Scientific Method: Starting Off with a Bang
1.8 Making Measurements and Expressing the Results
1.9 Unit Conversions and Dimensional Analysis
1.10 Testing a Hypothesis: The Big Bang RevisitedChemTours
Chapter 2: Atoms, Ions, and Compounds
2.1 Elements of the Solar System
2.2 Compounds and Earth’s Early Atmosphere
2.3 The Rutherford Model of Atomic Structure
2.4 Isotopes
2.5 Average Atomic Masses
2.6 The Periodic Table of the Elements
2.7 Trends in Compound Formation
2.8 Naming Compounds and Writing Their Formulas
2.9 Nucleosynthesis
- Rutherford Experiment
- Cathode-Ray Tube
- Millikan Oil-Drop Experiment
- Synthesis of Elements
- NaCl Reaction
Chapter 3: Chemical Reactions And Earth's Composition
3.1 Composition of Earth
3.2 The Mole
3.3 Writing Balanced Chemical Equations
3.4 Combustion Reactions
3.5 Stoichiometric Calculations and the Carbon Cycle
3.6 Determining Empirical Formulas from Percent Composition
3.7 Empirical and Molecular Formulas Compared
3.8 Combustion Analysis
3.9 Limiting Reactants and Percent Yield
Chapter 4: Solution Chemistry and the Hydrosphere
4.1 Earth: The Water Planet
4.2 Solution Concentration and Molarity
4.3 Dilutions
4.4 Electrolytes and Nonelectrolytes
4.5 Acid–Base Reactions
4.6 Precipitation Reactions
4.7 Ion Exchange
4.8 Oxidation–Reduction Reactions
4.9 Titrations
Chapter 5: Thermochemistry
5.1 Energy: Basic Concepts and Definitions
5.2 Systems, Surroundings, and the Flow of Energy
5.3 Enthalpy and Enthalpy Changes
5.4 Heating Curves and Heat Capacity
5.5 Calorimetry: Measuring Heat Capacity and Calorimeter Constants
5.6 Enthalpies of Formation and Enthalpies of Reaction
5.7 Fuel Values and Food Values
5.8 Hess’s Law
Chapter 6: Properties of Gases: The Air We Breathe
6.1 The Gas Phase
6.2 Atmospheric Pressure
6.3 The Gas Laws
6.4 The Ideal Gas Law
6.5 Gas Density
6.6 Dalton’s Law and Mixtures of Gases
6.7 The Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases and Graham’s Law
6.8 Real Gases
Chapter 7: Electrons in Atoms and Periodic Properties
7.1 Waves of Light
7.2 Atomic Spectra
7.3 Particles of Light and Quantum Theory
7.4 The Hydrogen Spectrum and the Bohr Model
7.5 Electrons as Waves
7.6 Quantum Numbers and Electron Spin
7.7 The Size and Shape of Atomic Orbitals
7.8 The Periodic Table and Filling in the Orbitals of Multielectron Atoms
7.9 Electron Configurations of Ions
7.10 The Size of Atoms and Ions
7.11 Ionization Energies
- Electromagnetic Radiation
- Light Diffraction
- Doppler Effect
- Light Emission and Absorption
- Bohr Model of the Atom
- De Broglie Wavelength
- Quantum Numbers
- Electron Configuration
Chapter 8: Chemical Bonding and Atmospheric Molecules
8.1 Ionic, Covalent, and Metallic Bonds
8.2 An Introduction to Lewis Theory
8.3 Unequal Sharing, Electronegativity, and Periodic Properties
8.4 Resonance
8.5 Formal Charges: Choosing Among Lewis Structures
8.6 Exceptions to the Octet Rule
8.7 Bond Lengths and Bond Energies
- Bonding
- Lewis Dot Structures
- Periodic Table
- Resonance
- Expanded Valence Shells
- Estimating Enthalpy Changes
Chapter 9: Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories
9.1 Molecular Shape
9.2 Valence-Shell Electron-Pair Repulsion Theory (VSEPR)
9.3 Polar Bonds and Polar Molecules
9.4 Valence Bond Theory
9.5 Shapes and Bonding in Larger Molecules
9.6 Molecular Orbital (MO) Theory
9.7 A Bonding Retrospective
- VSEPR Model
- Partial Charges and Bond Dipoles
- Greenhouse Effect
- Vibrational Modes
- Hybridization
- Chemistry of the Upper Atmosphere
- Molecular Orbitals
Chapter 10: Forces Between Ions and Molecules and Colligative Properties of Solutions
10.1 Sea Spray and Salts
10.2 Attractive Forces Between Polar Molecules
10.3 Dispersion Forces
10.4 Real Gases Revisited
10.5 Polarity and Solubility
10.6 Vapor Pressure
10.7 Phase Diagrams: Intermolecular Forces at Work
10.8 The Remarkable Behavior of Water and Properties of Liquids
10.9 Colligative Properties of Solutions
10.10 Measuring the Molar Mass of a Solute Using Colligative Properties
- Lattice Energy
- Intermolecular Forces
- Henry's Law
- Molecular Motion
- Raoult's Law
- Phase Diagrams
- Hydrogen Bonding in Water
- Capillary Action
- Boiling and Freezing Points
- Osmotic Pressure
Chapter 11: The Chemistry of Solids
11.1 Metallic Bonds and Conducting Bands
11.2 Semimetals and Semiconductors
11.3 Metallic Crystals
11.4 Alloys
11.5 Aluminum and Its Alloys: Light Weight and High Performance
11.6 The Structures of Some Nonmetals
11.7 Salt Crystals: Ionic Solids
11.8 Ceramics: Insulators to Superconductors
11.9 X-ray Diffraction: How We Know Crystal Structures
Chapter 12: Organic Chemistry: Fuels And Materials
12.1 Carbon: The Scope of Organic Chemistry
12.2 Hydrocarbons
12.3 Sources of Alkanes
12.4 Alkenes and Alkynes
12.5 Aromatic Compounds
12.6 Alcohols, Ethers, and Reformulated Gasoline
12.7 More Oxygen-Containing Functional Groups: Aldehydes, Ketones, Carboxylic Acids, Esters, Amides
12.8 Hydrocarbon Fuels From Biomass
Chapter 13: Thermodynamics: Spontaneous Processes, Entropy, and Free Energy
13.1 Spontaneous Processes, Entropy, and Entropy Changes
13.2 Calculating Entropy Changes in Chemical Reactions
13.3 Free Energy and Free-Energy Changes
13.4 Driving the Human Engine: Coupled Reactions
Chapter 14: Chemical Kinetics
14.1 Cars, Trucks, and Air Quality
14.2 Reaction Rates
14.3 Effect of Concentration on Reaction Rate
14.4 Reaction Rates, Temperature, and the Arrhenius Equation
14.5 Reaction Mechanisms
14.6 Catalysis
Chapter 15: Chemical Equilibrium
15.1 Understanding Equilibrium: A Qualitative View
15.2 The Equilibrium Constant Expression and K
15.3 Manipulating Equilibrium Constant Expressions
15.4 Equilibrium Constants and Reaction Quotients
15.5 Equilibrium and Thermodynamics
15.6 Heterogeneous Equilibria
15.7 Le Châtelier’s Principle
15.8 Calculations based on K
15.9 Changing K with Changing Temperature
- Equilibrium
- Equilibrium in the Gas Phase
- Equilibrium and Thermodynamics
- Le Châtelier's Principle
- Solving Equilibrium Problems
Chapter 16: Equilibrium in the Aqueous Phase
16.1 Acids and Bases: A Review
16.2 Weak Acids and Bases
16.3 Conjugate Pairs
16.4 pH and the Autoionization of Water
16.5 pH Calculations Involving Equilibria
16.6 Acid Strength and Molecular Structure
16.7 pH of Solutions of Acidic and Basic Salts
16.8 Solubilities of Slightly Soluble Salts
16.9 Common Ion Effect
16.10 Acid–Base Indicators
16.11 Acid–Base Titrations
16.12 pH Buffers
- Acid Rain
- Acid- Base Ionization
- pH Scale
- Self-Ionization of Water
- Acid Strength and Molecular Structure
- Buffers
- Strong Acid and Strong Base Titration
- Titrations of Weak Acids
Chapter 17: The Colorful Chemistry of Transition Metals
17.1 Lewis Acids and Bases
17.2 Complex Ions
17.3 Complex Ion Equilibria
17.4 Hydrated Metal Ions as Acids
17.5 Polydentate Ligands
17.6 Ligand Strength and the Chelation Effect
17.7 Crystal Field Theory
17.8 Magnetism and Spin States
17.9 Naming Complex Ions and Coordination Compounds
17.10 Isomerism in Coordination Compounds
17.11 Metal Complexes in Biomolecules
Chapter 18: Electrochemistry and Electric Vehicles
18.1 Redox Chemistry Revisited
18.2 Electrochemical Cells
18.3 Chemical Energy and Electrical Work
18.4 Standard Potentials (E°)
18.5 A Reference Point: The Standard Hydrogen Electrode
18.6 The Effect of Concentration on Ecell
18.7 Quantities of Reactants and Battery Life
18.8 Electrolytic Cells and Rechargeable Batteries
18.9 Fuel Cells
Chapter 19: Biochemistry: The Compounds Of Life
19.1 Elements of Life: Fundamental Components
19.2 Molecules and Structure: Organization of the Building Blocks of Life
19.3 A Feature of Molecules in Nature: Chirality
19.4 Proteins
19.5 Carbohydrates
19.6 Lipids
19.7 Polynucleic Acids: Machinery of Replication
- Chirality
- Chiral Centers
- Condensation of Biological Polymers
- Fiber Strength and Elasticity
- Formation of Sucrose